The Arch of Septimius Severus, an iconic Roman triumphal arch commemorating Septimius Severus’s Parthian victories, built 203 CE.
The Arch of Septimius Severus is one of the most iconic Roman triumphal arches and remains a symbol of the empire’s grandeur and ambition. Located in the Roman Forum in Rome, Italy, it was built to commemorate Emperor Septimius Severus‘s victories in Parthia (modern-day Iran and Iraq). Constructed in 203 CE, the arch celebrates the achievements of Severus and his sons, Caracalla and Geta.
Major Accomplishments of Septimius Severus, the first African to become emperor of Rome
Historical Context
In the early 3rd century CE, Rome was experiencing significant military campaigns in the east. Septimius Severus, who rose to power in 193 CE, embarked on multiple campaigns against the Parthians, a powerful empire to the east of Rome that had been in conflict with Rome for centuries. Severus successfully captured Parthian cities and territories, bolstering his reputation as a capable military leader. In honor of these victories, the Roman Senate commissioned the construction of a monumental arch dedicated to him.
Location and Purpose
The arch stands at the northwest end of the Roman Forum, strategically positioned along the Via Sacra (the Sacred Way), a prominent road used for processions. As a triumphal arch, its primary function was ceremonial, symbolizing Rome’s military victories and glorifying the emperor. Triumphal arches often served to impress upon citizens and visitors the might of Rome and the accomplishments of its leaders. The Arch of Septimius Severus thus served as a constant reminder of Severus’s achievements in expanding the Roman Empire.
Architectural Design
The Arch of Septimius Severus is a classic example of a three-bayed Roman triumphal arch, a design that became popular during the imperial period. The arch stands approximately 23 meters (75 feet) tall and spans about 25 meters (82 feet) in width. Made of white marble, it reflects the grandeur associated with imperial Roman architecture.
Structure and Layout
The arch has a large central bay, flanked by two smaller passageways. This three-bayed design allowed for greater visual impact and provided separate spaces for decorative reliefs.
Each facade of the arch is adorned with four Corinthian columns, which add a sense of elegance and verticality to the structure.
Above the main arch is the attic section, which holds the dedicatory inscription. This area was often used in Roman arches to provide context to viewers and communicate the purpose of the monument.
The arch is constructed primarily from Proconnesian marble, a material valued for its durability and beauty. Despite the passing centuries, much of the original material remains intact.
Relief Sculptures
The arch’s surfaces are richly decorated with detailed relief sculptures that depict various scenes from Severus’s campaigns. These reliefs serve as both artistic achievements and historical records of the emperor’s victories.
On the main archway’s piers, there are four large panels showcasing episodes from the Parthian wars. The scenes illustrate the army’s march, battles, sieges, and the submission of enemy forces, giving viewers a visual narrative of Rome’s military prowess.
The spandrels (the triangular space between the top of the arch and the surrounding structure) feature winged victories, symbolizing Rome’s dominance and success. The panels, meanwhile, are filled with allegorical figures and Roman deities, emphasizing the emperor’s favor with the gods.
Inscription
The attic inscription is in Latin and praises Septimius Severus and his two sons, Caracalla and Geta, as conquerors of the Parthians. The text originally referenced both sons, but later, Caracalla had references to Geta erased after he had Geta murdered and declared damnatio memoriae (erasure from memory), a practice aimed at erasing someone’s memory from history.
This alteration is visible in the arch’s inscription, providing a unique historical insight into the power struggles within the Severan dynasty.
Artistic Significance
The Arch of Septimius Severus is not only an architectural achievement but also a masterpiece of Roman sculpture. The reliefs combine dynamic poses, crowded compositions, and dramatic expressions, typical of the “historical relief” style in Roman art. Unlike earlier, more static depictions, these scenes exhibit a sense of movement and complexity, reflecting the Roman desire to convey both the chaos and heroism of battle.
Historical Narrative:
Roman relief sculpture often aimed to tell a story, and the Arch of Septimius Severus exemplifies this approach. Each panel invites viewers to follow the progression of the campaign, from initial mobilization to ultimate victory.
The panels are crowded with figures, illustrating the vast scope of the conflict and the emperor’s dominance over his enemies. This sense of drama and movement was intended to inspire awe in viewers and convey the emperor’s power.
Symbolism
The winged figures of victory, the Roman gods, and other symbolic elements reinforce the idea that Severus’s victories were divinely sanctioned.
The incorporation of allegorical figures, such as the River Tigris, underscores Rome’s conquest of foreign lands. These symbols worked on both a literal and metaphorical level, appealing to both the educated and the general populace.
Political Propaganda and Cultural Influence
The arch functioned as a piece of propaganda, celebrating Severus as a victorious and divinely favored ruler. It reminded Roman citizens and foreign visitors of Rome’s power and the emperor’s success. Triumphal arches were a powerful propaganda tool in ancient Rome, and the Arch of Septimius Severus is no exception.
Dynastic Ambitions
The arch also served to promote the Severan dynasty, portraying Septimius Severus and his sons as legitimate and powerful rulers.
By depicting Caracalla and Geta alongside Severus, the monument reinforced the idea of a strong, unified imperial family. Even after Geta’s erasure, the arch continued to promote Severus’s legacy and Caracalla’s right to rule.
Public Messaging
The arch’s location in the Forum, a highly frequented area, ensured maximum visibility for its message. Romans of all social classes could view the arch and absorb its message of triumph and divine favor.
The arch also served as a reminder to Rome’s enemies and allies of the empire’s strength. Anyone passing through or visiting the Forum could not fail to see the arch’s imposing structure and intricate reliefs.
Medieval and Renaissance Periods
During the Middle Ages, the arch was partially buried due to sediment accumulation in the Forum. It remained visible, however, and was occasionally used as a landmark.
In the Renaissance, as interest in Roman antiquities grew, the arch attracted the attention of artists, architects, and scholars. Many made drawings and descriptions of it, contributing to the growing field of classical studies and influencing Renaissance art and architecture.
Modern Preservation Efforts
The arch was excavated in the 19th century, allowing for a better understanding of its original form and details. Modern conservation efforts focus on preserving the marble, stabilizing the structure, and preventing further degradation.
Today, it is one of Rome’s most visited ancient monuments, drawing tourists, historians, and archaeologists alike.
Impact on Later Architecture
The triumphal arch design, as exemplified by the Arch of Septimius Severus, has influenced architectural styles for centuries. Triumphal arches became popular features in many cultures, often as a way to commemorate victories or important events.
Notable examples inspired by Roman arches include the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and the Wellington Arch in London. These later arches reflect the continuing appeal of the triumphal arch as a symbol of victory and national pride.
Despite its damage, the Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome remains a remarkable symbol of city’s architectural and cultural legacy. Image: Italian painter Canaletto’s 1742 painting depicts the arch pre-excavation, Royal Collection, UK.
Frequently asked questions about the Arch of Septimius Severus, Rome
When was the Arch of Septimius Severus erected?
The arch was erected in 203 CE.
Where is the Arch of Septimius Severus located, and what does it commemorate?
It is located in the Roman Forum in Rome and commemorates Emperor Septimius Severus’s victories over the Parthians.
What architectural design does the Arch of Septimius Severus follow?
The arch is a triple-bay triumphal arch, with a large central passageway and two smaller arches on either side.
What materials were used to construct the Arch of Septimius Severus?
The core and foundation are travertine, covered with Proconnesian marble, noted for its gray and white bands.
How could people access the upper levels of the arch?
Access to the upper levels was provided by an internal staircase inside the south pier, with an entry point about 5 meters above ground.
What did the inscription on the attic of the arch originally signify?
The Latin inscription, initially in gilded bronze, honored Severus and his sons, Caracalla and Geta, for “restoring the Republic and expanding the dominion of the Roman people.”
Why was Geta’s name removed from the inscription?
Geta’s name was erased after his murder by his brother Caracalla in 212 CE, in line with the Roman practice of damnatio memoriae, or erasing someone from history.
What scenes are depicted in the arch’s decorative reliefs?
The reliefs depict scenes from Severus’s Parthian campaigns, seasonal cycles, Roman deities, and victories.
Which figures are featured on the keystones of the arch?
The central arch’s keystone features Mars, the god of war, while the smaller arches’ keystones represent Bacchus and Hercules, gods revered by Severus.
What do the friezes above the smaller arches illustrate?
The friezes display triumphal processions, showcasing captured spoils and prisoners.
Describe the scenes on the large relief panels of the arch.
The panels depict various scenes, such as the army leaving camp, battles, Septimius Severus addressing his troops, sieges of cities like Edessa and Ctesiphon, and Roman victories.
What originally adorned the top of the Arch of Septimius Severus?
A gilded bronze chariot drawn by six horses and carrying a statue of Severus once topped the arch, with his sons depicted on horseback.
How was the arch used in the Middle Ages?
It was converted into a fortress and incorporated into nearby structures, with its passageways also used for commerce.
What factors have contributed to the arch’s deterioration over time?
Damage to the arch has resulted from natural weaknesses in the marble, uneven craftsmanship, weathering, and environmental pollution.
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