The Kingdom of Eswatini, formerly known as Swaziland, has a rich history that traces back centuries. According to tradition, the ancestors of the present-day Swazi people migrated southward from what is now Mozambique before the 16th century. They initially settled in regions around modern Maputo but faced conflicts with local populations. These conflicts, combined with the pressures of neighboring groups, led the Swazis to move further south into the area of northern Zululand around 1750.

In Zululand, the Swazis encountered the powerful Zulu kingdom. As the Zulus’ strength grew, the Swazis found it increasingly difficult to defend their territory. Consequently, during the 1800s, the Swazis gradually migrated northward to what is now Eswatini, establishing themselves in a region that offered better security and resources.

 

Consolidation and Expansion

The Swazis consolidated their control over the new territory under several influential leaders. The most notable of these was Mswati II, who ruled in the 1840s. Mswati II is a central figure in Swazi history as the name “Swazi” is derived from him. Under his leadership, the Swazis managed to expand their territory to the northwest and stabilize their southern frontier against the Zulus. Mswati II’s rule is marked by significant territorial consolidation and strengthening of the Swazi state.

Early Contact with Europeans

The Swazis’ first contact with Europeans occurred during Mswati II’s reign. Seeking assistance against frequent Zulu raids, Mswati II approached British authorities in South Africa. This period also saw the arrival of the first white settlers in the region. The interactions with European powers became more complex after Mswati II’s death. The Swazis began negotiating with both British and South African authorities on various issues including independence, resource claims, administrative control, and security arrangements.

From 1894 to 1902, South Africa administered Swazi interests, but British control was established thereafter. This period of British rule marked the beginning of formal colonial administration in Eswatini.

 

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Colonial Administration and Path to Independence

In 1921, following over 20 years of rule by Queen Regent Lobatsibeni, Sobhuza II became Ngwenyama (lion) or head of the Swazi nation. Sobhuza II’s accession was a pivotal moment in Swazi history. That same year, Swaziland established its first legislative body, an advisory council composed of elected European representatives. This council was tasked with advising the British high commissioner on matters unrelated to the Swazi people.

By 1944, the high commissioner acknowledged the council’s lack of official status and recognized the paramount chief, or king, as the native authority capable of issuing legally enforceable orders. This recognition marked a significant shift in administrative power towards traditional Swazi leadership.

Initially, the British colonial administration anticipated that Swaziland would eventually be incorporated into South Africa. However, post-World War II developments led to a reevaluation of this plan. The rise of racial discrimination in South Africa prompted the British government to prepare Swaziland for self-governance and independence.

Political activity in Swaziland surged in the early 1960s as various political parties emerged, advocating for independence and economic development. Urban-based political parties, however, had limited connections with the rural majority of Swazis. In contrast, traditional leaders, including King Sobhuza II and his Inner Council, formed the Imbokodvo National Movement (INM), which was closely aligned with traditional Swazi values and practices.

 

Path to Independence and Constitutional Changes

In response to political pressures, the colonial government scheduled elections in mid-1964 for a legislative council that included Swazi participation. The INM won all 24 elective seats, solidifying its political base. The INM, having achieved a dominant position, incorporated demands from more radical parties, particularly the push for immediate independence.

In 1966, the British agreed to discuss a new constitution. A constitutional committee established a framework for a constitutional monarchy with self-government to follow parliamentary elections in 1967. On September 6, 1968, Swaziland officially gained independence. The first post-independence elections in May 1972 saw the INM win nearly 75% of the vote, while the Ngwane National Liberatory Congress (NNLC) secured just over 20% and three seats in parliament.

In response to the NNLC’s performance, King Sobhuza II repealed the 1968 constitution on April 12, 1973. He dissolved parliament, assumed all governmental powers, and banned political activities and trade unions, citing the need to eliminate alien and divisive political practices that were deemed incompatible with traditional Swazi values. A new parliament was convened in January 1979, chosen through a combination of indirect elections and direct appointments by the King.

Modern Developments

Following the death of King Sobhuza II in August 1982, Queen Regent Dzeliwe assumed the role of head of state. In 1984, internal disputes led to her replacement by Queen Regent Ntombi. Ntombi’s son, Prince Makhosetive, was named heir to the throne. During this period, real power was concentrated in the Liqoqo, a supreme traditional advisory body. In October 1985, Queen Regent Ntombi dismissed leading members of the Liqoqo, marking a significant shift in the balance of power.

Prince Makhosetive, who would later become King Mswati III, returned from his education in England and ascended to the throne on April 25, 1986. Shortly after taking power, Mswati III abolished the Liqoqo and in November 1987, a new parliament and cabinet were appointed.

During 1988 and 1989, the underground political party People’s United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO) emerged, criticizing the King and his government and calling for democratic reforms. In response to these political challenges and growing public demands for greater government accountability, the King and Prime Minister initiated a national debate on the constitutional and political future of Swaziland. This debate led to a series of political reforms, including direct and indirect voting in the 1993 national elections.

Despite significant criticisms in late 2002 regarding government interference with the judiciary, parliament, and press freedom, there were notable improvements in the rule of law over the following years. The Court of Appeals resumed hearing cases in late 2004 after a two-year hiatus due to disputes over the government’s refusal to comply with the court’s decisions. Additionally, the new Constitution, which came into effect in early 2006, marked the end of the 1973 proclamation that had banned political parties.

 

Recent Developments and Name Change

In 2018, King Mswati III announced that the country would officially be known as Eswatini, a name meaning “land of the Swazis” in the Swazi language. This change reflects a deeper connection to the nation’s cultural heritage and identity.

Eswatini continues to navigate its post-independence journey, balancing traditional leadership with modern governance challenges. The country’s rich history and dynamic political landscape illustrate its ongoing quest for national identity and self-determination.

Questions and Answers

Eswatini, officially known as the Kingdom of Eswatini and formerly known as Swaziland, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa.

Below are some frequently asked questions about the African nation:

Where is Eswatini located?

Eswatini is bordered by Mozambique to the northeast and South Africa to the west, south, and southeast.

What is the capital of Eswatini?

The country has two capitals: Mbabane is the administrative capital, and Lobamba is the legislative and royal capital.

When did Eswatini gain independence and what type of government was established?

Eswatini gained independence on September 6, 1968, and established a constitutional monarchy with self-government following parliamentary elections in 1967.

What is the population of Eswatini?

As of 2023, the estimated population is over 1.2 million people.

What languages are spoken in Eswatini?

The official languages are Siswati and English.

What is the cultural heritage of Eswatini?

Eswatini has a rich cultural heritage, with traditions deeply rooted in Swazi culture, including the Umhlanga (Reed Dance) and Incwala (Kingship) ceremonies.

What type of government does Eswatini have?

Eswatini is an absolute monarchy. The King, currently King Mswati III, has substantial powers.

What is the economy of Eswatini based on?

The economy is diversified, with agriculture, forestry, and mining being key sectors. Sugar, textiles, and soft drink concentrate are significant exports.

Is Eswatini a safe country to visit?

Eswatini is generally considered safe for tourists, but like any destination, it’s important to take standard precautions.

What are popular tourist attractions in Eswatini?

Notable attractions include the Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary, Hlane Royal National Park, and the Mantenga Cultural Village.

Does Eswatini have any unique wildlife?

Eswatini is home to a variety of wildlife, including lions, elephants, rhinos, and numerous bird species.